WHAT IS ARITHMETIC OPERATOR

OPERATOR
Operators are the symbols that are used to perform certain operation on data. C provides a variety of operators. Different types of operators in C are as follows:

• Arithmetic Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Increment and Decrement Operators
• Compound Assignment Operators

Keyboard:

KEYBOARD
Keyboard is a device that converts letters, numbers, and other characters into electrical signals that are machine readable by the computer processor. The keyboard may look like a type writer keyboard to which some special keys have been added. Keyboard has 3 categories.
1. Alphabet keys (A,B,C..Z, a,b,c.....z)
2. Numeric Keys (1,2,3,4,5....10)
3. Special Keys (F1,F2,.....F12, Alt, Ctrl, Shift, Tab, Capslock, enter...etc).
The standard keyboard has 101 buttons on it and now there are 104,106,110 keyboards are available in the market.

C LANGUAGE

KEYWORDS IN C LANGUAGE
Keywords have predefined meaning and purpose. The meaning and purpose of a keyword is defined by the developer of the language. It cannot be changed or redefined by the use. Keyword can be used for the same purpose for which it is defined. Keywords are also known as reserved words. There are different types of keywords in C language. The total number of keywords is 32.

FOUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER

INPUT DEVICES
 Input devices consist of hardware that translate data into a from the computer can process. The people readable form my be words like the ones in these sentences, but the computer readable form consists of 0's and 1's or off and on electrical signals. Input hardware devices are categorized as three types.
1. Keyboard 2. Pointing devices 3. Source data entry devices.

C Language

IDENTIFIER?

 The Identifier are the names used to represent variable, constants, types, functions and labels in the program. An identifier in C may consist of 31 characters. If the identifier long than 31 characters, the remain character will be ignored by the C compiler.

RULES FOR IDENTIFIER

Some-important rules for identifier name are as follows.

• The first character must be an alphabet or underscore (_).
• The identifier name must consist of only alphabetic characters, digits, or underscores.
• The reserved word cannot be used as identifier name.

                                       TYPES OF IDENTIFIERS
                                       There are two types of identifiers in C language.
                                       i) Standard Identifiers
                                      ii) User-defined Identifiers

CPU

CPU
The CUP (Central Processing Unit) the "brain" of the computer follows the instruction of the software to manipulate data into information. The CPU consists of two parts
i) The Control Unit
ii) The Arithmetic Logic Unit.
The two components are connected by a kind of electric "roadway" called a bus.
THE CONTROL UNIT
The control unit tells the rest of the computer system how to carry out a program instructions. It directs the movement of electronic signals between the main memory and the arithmetic / logic unit. Its also directs these electronic signals between main memory and the input and output devices.
THE ARITHMETIC / LOGIC UNIT
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic operations and logic operations and control the speed of those operations. In simple words the arithmetic unit performs the simple mathematical functions like Division, Multiplication, addition and subtraction.
The logical operations are the comparisons between two things e.g. >,<,=or not =. The speed of the CPU is expressed in MHz. The latest CPU, which is available in the market is 2GB manufactured by Intel and AMD (the two largest companies of processors).

COMPUTER BUS:

COMPUTER BUS
A bus line, or simple bus, is an electrical pathway through which bits are transmitted within the CPU and between the CPU and other devices in the system units. There are different types of buses e.g. address bus, control bus, data bu, but for our purposes the most important is the expansion bus, which carries data between RAM and the expansion slots. to obtain faster performance Some users will use a bus that avoids RAM altogether. A bus that connects expansion slots directly to the CPU is called a local bus.

TYPE OF ERROR IN C LANGUAGE (C Language)

There are three type of the error occur in C language
1. Syntax Error
2. Logical Errors
3. Run Time Error

SYNTAX ERROR
Rules for writing c program is called syntax. All the c statement written according to these rules. Syntax error occur when an invalid statement is written in program. The compiler detects syntax errors and display error message to describe the cause of error. A program containing syntax errors cannot be complied successfully.
LOGICAL ERRORS
Poor Logic of the programmer is create logical error. If programmer writes a wrong formula to calculate the result, it is an example of logical error.
RUN-TIME ERRORS
It's type of error occurs when a statement directs the computer to execute an illegal operation such as dividing a number by zero.

C LANGUAGE (Second year)

 DEFINE A BUG AND DEBUGGING.
A error in a computer program is know as bug. The programmer can make different errors while writing programs. A program cannot be complied if it contains any syntax error. The compiler detects errors and displays errors message to describe the cause of error.
The errors mus be removed from the program before it can be compiled and executed. The process of finding and removing bugs is known as debugging.

COMPUTER CLOCK (First Year)

COMPUTER CLOCK
All operations inside the CPU are perfectly timed.A basic operation will take exactly the same time, whether it is done now or later, whether it is done once of repeated millions of times. The timing is controlled by an electronic clock, which emits millions of equally spaced electric pulses each second. The speed of processing depends on the speed of this clock, which is measured megahertz (million times per second). Clock speeds of PCs range from 8 to 25Mhz.

DARSE QURAN

Necessary steps to prepare a C Program

CREATING AND EDITING A C PROGRAM:
The first step is to create and edit a new program. It includes writing, modifying and deleting program statements. This process is performed by using text editor like Note Pad, wordpad etc. Most compliers provide a text editor for writing code of C programs.
SAVING A C PROGRAM:
The process of storing the program on disk is known as Saving. A program should be saved on disk to be used repeatedly. The C program is saved with .c extension.
COMPILING A C PROGRAM:
The process of converting source program into object program is known as compiling. The program saved with .c extension contains the statement of C language. It is known as source program. The source program cannot be executed by computer directly. A compiler converts the source program into object program and saves it in a separate file. The object program is saved with .obj extension. The source program cannot be compiled if it contains any syntax error. The compiler generates error message to describe the cause of error. All error mus be removed to successfully compile a source program.
LINKING A C PROGRAM: 
The process of linking library files with object program is known as linking. These files are used to accomplish different tasks such as input / output. A library file must be linked with the object file before execution of program. A program that combines the object program with additional library files is known as linker. It is part of C++ compiler. The linker generates error message if the library file does not exist. A new file is created with .exe extension if the process of linking is successful. This file is known as executable file and can be executed by the computer directly.
LOADING A C PROGRAM:
In this step, the loader loads the executable file into the memory for execution. A program must be loaded in the memory in order to execute it. A program that places an executable file in the memory is known as loader.
EXECUTING A C PROGRAM:
The process of running a executable file is known as executing. The C++ program can be execuated after compiling and linking. In this last step, the program is executed. The instructions written in the program are executed by the computer.

SECONDARY MEMORY (First Year)

SECONDARY MEMORY:
This type of memory is not volatile i.e. it is not a temporary memory. The data is stored permanently in secondary storage devices. The most common secondary storage devices are floppy dis, hard disk, tape and CD.
Mostly secondary storage devices are made by magnet media. The iron particles spread on surface of the disk and the data stored in the form of magnet. If the particle is magnetized then this is know as 1 other wise it is know as 0. Secondary storage devices have more space as compared to primary memory but less in speed.
FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY THE MEMORY
1. Store temporary data.
2. Store permanent data.
3. Open application programs.
4. Assign unique address to each of the data items.
5. Store processed data.
6. Store operating system.

JOKE OF THE DAY

DARESE QURAN

BEAUTY TIPS

TIPS OF THE DAY

C LANGUAGE

CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES.
1. Easy to Learn
High level languages are closer to human languages and far from machine language. These are English like languages and are easier to learn. 
2.  Easy Error Detection
High level languages are easy to read and modify. It makes it easy to find errors in programs written in high level languages.
3. Standardized Syntax
The Syntaxes of high level languages are standardized. These languages describe a well-defined way of writting programs. Different organizations work to determine standard syntax of these languages. An important organization is American National Standard Institute also known as ANSI.
4. Deep Hardware knowledge not Required
These language do not require dep knowledge of hardware or machine architecture. A programmer can write efficient programs without a deep knowledge of hardware. He can concentrate on solving the problem rather than concerning the human-machine interaction.
5. Machine Independence
High level languages provide machine independence. It means that the programs written in high level language can be executed on different types of computers. For example, a program written in C can be executed on Intel processors and Motorola processors.
6. More Programmers
Programming in low level languages is very difficult. But high level languages are easy to learn. It encourages more people to learn these languages. So many programmers of high level languages are available.
7. Shorter Programs
Programs written in high level languages are shorter than low level languages. One instruction of high level language is equivalent to many instructions of low level language. 
 

RAM (First Year)

RAM
Primary memory (RAM) is short-term memory and can be used only while the computer is working. The moment it is switched off the contents of primary memory lost. We also know that the primary or main memory stored data as well as programs. When the computer is doing any job, the data that have to be process are kept in the primary memory. This data may come from an input device like a keyboard or secondary storage device like a disk. It is also known as read / write memory because we can write and red data from the main memory.
ROM
A read only memory (ROM) is one in which information is permanently stored. The information from the memory can only be read and it is not possible to write fresh information into it. This is the reason why it is called ROM. When the power supply is switched off, the information stored inside a ROM is not lost as it is in the case of a RAM chip. Such memories are also known as filed stores, permanent stores or dead stores.

STUDNET OF ACADEMEY OF KNOWLEDGE

TALHA BHUTTA (Intermediate in Computer Science)

ARSALAN QURESHI (Intermediate in Compute Science)

ARCHIEVEMENT OF ACADEMY OF KNOWLEDGE

MATH (2ND YEAR NOTES)

ARCHIVEMENT OF ACADEMY OF KNOWLEDGE

DARESE QURAN

LEARN ENGLISH

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

RECIPY OF THE DAY

BEAUTY TIPS OF THE DAY

Job of the Day

Computer Tips of the Day

C LANGUAGE

SOURCE CODE 
 Code written in Hight level language (in simple english) is called source code. It is not directly understand by the compiler.

OBJECT CODE
Code that is written in Machine Level language is called object code. It is directly understand by computer becuase it naiveté language of computer.

RECIPY OF THE DAY

PEOTRY OF THE DAY

BEAUTY TIPS

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

COMPUTER HARDWARE